Last week we saw how Rædwald, possible the individual buried at Sutton Hoo, and the subject of Netflix’s recent drama film, The Dig had possibly ascended to become the ruler over the southern Kings of what was to become England, a role that in later times was recorded as “Bretwalda” (a sort of high king).  We’re now over halfway through our series and join him in his palace, which may have been in Rendlesham, Suffolk. 

Unsurprisingly Æthelfrith is not willing to forget the exiled heir to Deira and tries to bribe Rædwald to kill him or hand him over, at first he is unsuccessful. However, as Bede goes on and tells us: 

“The king, being either weakened by his threats or corrupted by bribes, yielded to his request and promised either to slay Edwin or to give him up to the messengers.”  

What the bribes consisted of us is kept from us, did it include particularly valuable swords, gold fittings or coins such as those found at Sutton Hoo?  Whatever those brides consisted of and where they ended up the fate of Edwin was not sealed with this second change of mind from Rædwald and he reverts back to his first decision to protect Edwin albeit after persuasion from his Mrs Rædwald who must have been some woman!  Sadly, we don’t know her name - the impression painted by Bede is that she had significant influence on Rædwald having convinced him to keep with his old faith and not to betray Edwin.  The matter of Edwins future did not end there though and we will pick up the unravelling of his story in our next blog – Game of Thrones eat your heart out! 

​These scenes were built by James Pegrum as part of a series of models on early Anglo-Saxon England. Follow us on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram to see them first.

At this point in history the nature of burials was slowly changing in line with the changes of religious beliefs.  Up until the Gregorian Mission it was mostly Northern European pagan beliefs that were practiced by Anglo-Saxons in England.  These beliefs influenced the burying of the dead; for the rich and wealthy these would have included burials such as the one at Sutton Hoo and would have included grave goods, items that might be needed in the afterlife. Cremations would have also occurred with the most widespread form of burial being the simple inhumation which didn’t require as much equipment and time.  With the spread of Christianity, customs around burials changed, as is reflected in how Æthelberht was interned. It is markedly different to the burial at Sutton Hoo, which is thought to be that of King Rædwald of East-Anglia, which probably occurred a little later. 

We learn a little about Æthelberht’s death and what happened next from Bede in his  Ecclesiastical History of the English People.  Just before Bede discusses Æthelberht’s death he recounts his role as Bretwalda (a sort of high king) and lists the first five Kings who held this title, including Rædwald of East-Anglia: 

"The first king to hold the like sovereignty was Ælla, king of the South Saxons; the second was Caelin, King of the West Saxons, known in their own language as Ceawlin; the third, as we have said, was Æthelberht, king of Kent; the fourth was Rædwald, King of the East Angles, who even during the life of King Æthelberht was gaining the leadership for his own race; the fifth was Edwin, Kind of the Northumbrians, the nation inhabiting the district north of the Humber." 

In case you’ve missed some of our recent blogs, we’re currently in the middle of looking at Rædwald, King of East Anglia (599 to 624), who is thought to have been buried at Sutton Hoo and the subject of Netflix’s recent drama film, The Dig.  We pick up his story with Rædwald having converted to Christianity and been baptised in Kent. 

The life of Rædwald in Bede’s Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum  (Ecclesiastical History of the English People) is relatively scarce and piecing it together chronologically is challenging if not impossible.  Bede is pretty much all we have and he suggests that Rædwald turned back in part to his old religion following his baptism and apparent conversion to Christianity.  In chapter 15, Bede writes: 

“Indeed his (Eorpwald) father Rædwald had long before been initiated into the mysteries of the Christian faith in Kent, but in vain; for on his return home, he was seduced by his wife and by certain evil teachers and perverted from the sincerity of his faith, so that his last state was worse than his first”.  

Bede goes on to tell us that Rædwald had one temple with two altars, one for his Christian faith and the other “...on which to offer victims to devils”.   

The picture painted for us by Bede suggests that Rædwald returned, under persuasion by others, back to his old religious practices – those of the Anglo-Saxons and we only have a small window looking into what Anglo-Saxon religion may have been like. At Yeavering we have the clearest archeological evidence to date of a temple - what it would have looked like above ground however remains open to conjecture (we have taken inspiration from Scandinavian church architecture from a later period in our model).  There may be more to learn with the ongoing archeological work at Rendlesham, which is believed to be the possible site of the Royal Place as mentioned by Bede and may be the home Rædwald as well (you can find out more about this work here www.heritage.suffolk.gov.uk/rendlesham).  Written sources are also limited and come from Christian writers such as Bede and Aldhelm.  Evidence is also taken from place names where connections can be made with the names of gods. 

Given the religious practices carried out in the northern Germanic lands that the Anglo-Saxons came from and the evidence we have there is indication that the god’s who would have been worshipped included Ealh, Hearg, Wíg Ós, Wóden (Óðinn in Norse), ꝥunor (Thor in Norse), Tíw and Fríg. Some of these god’s maybe more familiar to us than others, such as Thor god of thunder.  More subtly the names of these god’s have lived on in the names of our days - for example Wednesday in old English is Wódensdœg (Thursday - ꝥunresdœg, Friday - Frigedœg).  The day-to-day religious practices are not clear from what we know, there is suggestion though that animal sacrifices (but not human) would have been carried out. 

For Rædwald, religion may have had a strong connection with his identity as a warrior king. Given his point in history, where the Age of Christianity was about to dawn on Europe and England, he clearly was pulled in two directions and consequently he may have made a compromise between the two faiths to maintain his power.  The finds at Sutton Hoo include both Christian and pagan items, some of which we have included in this model (can you spot and name them?).

These scenes were built by James Pegrum as part of a series of models on early Anglo-Saxon England. Follow us on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram to see them first.

When we last left the Mayflower, her crew and passengers had anchored in Plymouth Harbour in the middle of December 1620.  In the following weeks they battled against the cold weather and went about the start of constructing their new homes.  The first house, timber frame with wattle and daub walls, was built slowly over two weeks. Slowly the settlement took shape with more homes being built along with a wooden platform to support a cannon on the nearby Fort Hill. 

The winter took its toll on the Pilgrims and Passengers. There was a lack of shelter, poor living conditions on board the Mayflower and disease.  Of the 102 passengers. 45 died that winter.  Many were too poorly and weak to help with the construction of the new settlement. Plans had aimed to construct 19 homes, however they were only able to complete seven residences and four common houses.  It was enough though to unload the provisions from the Mayflower. 

During these weeks of hard toil they also had several intense encounters with the Native Americans and so by mid-February they organised themselves into military orders.  To lead the militia they appointed on 17th February, Myles Standish as the colony’s first commander.  His name may stand out, with good reason, as he had played a key role in the three expeditions in the months leading up to the decision to settle in Plymouth.  He had been hired by the Pilgrims as a military adviser back in the Netherlands, where he had been living in Leiden, possibly after having served in the English forces supporting the Dutch in the Eighty Years' War. 

During his years as a solider in New England, the Plymouth colony would continue to re-elect him.  His military leadership was to have a significant impact on its future and its relationship with the native people.  He retired from service in 1640’s and went onto live in the town of Duxbury where he died in 1656, aged 72. 

This scene was built by James Pegrum as part of a series of models on the voyage of the Mayflower. Follow us on  Facebook, Twitter and Instagram to see them first.

​On this day in 1400 Richard, formerly Richard II of England. died. The exact cause of his death is the subject of speculation to this day. 

Richard had started his reign on a high following the Peasants’ Revolt, however from there onwards it had been on a downwards slop.  Eventually dissatisfaction with his reign led to him being deposed on the October 1st 1399 and his first cousin, Henry Bolingbroke was crowned on  October 13th, becoming King Henry IV.  Having become King, Henry agreed to let Richard live.  Henry had Richard taken from the Tower of London to Leeds and then onto Pontefract Castle. ​

In the months that followed Henry stripped titles from the earls of Huntingdon, Kent, Rutland and Salisbury and Lord Despenser – titles that Richard had given during his reign.  Unhappy at the removal of their status they planned to murder Henry and reinstate Richard to the throne in what is known as the Epiphany Rising. 

The plans to put Richard back on the throne went sideways when Edward of Norwich, who had been part of the group planning the uprising in December, switched sides and informed the King of the plot in January 1400.  With his safety secured, Henry IV became aware of the high risk of keeping Richard alive and so when Richard died on the 14th February rumours spread that he was killed, by what means it was unknown.  ​

To show that he had not been murdered but that he was indeed dead, his body was put on public display in St Paul's Cathedral on February 17th. There was no sign of violence on his body and it is believed that he died from starvation – of his own choice of forced on him is open to speculation. From London Richard’s body was taken quietly to a Dominican Priory at Kings Langley, Hertfordshire and buried in March. Richard’s body would later be returned to London in 1413 and buried in Westminster Abbey alongside his first wife, Anne of Bohemia. This was apparently an effort by Henry V to atone his fathers supposed murderous acts and to silence the ongoing rumours that Richard II was still alive. 

Thee scenes were built by James Pegrum as part of a series of models on the Kings and Queens of England. Follow us on  Facebook, Twitter and Instagram to see them first.

On this day in 1429 the Battle of Herrings took place near Rouvray, just north of Orléans, France. The battle of was part of the larger conflict later to become known as the Hundred Years War between England and France and their allies.  ​

The cause of the battle was an attempt by French and Scottish forces to intercept an English baggage train on its way to supply Englis forces laying siege to the city of Orléans. It’s from this train that the battle get’s it’s weird name, as it happened to be carrying a lot of herring at the time  

The English army had started the siege on October 12th 1428.  The convoy of supplies included cannons, cannonballs, crossbow shafts and herring and consisted of around 300 carts and wagons which had been sent from Paris.  The herring were included as Lent was approaching and meat would not be a part of the army's diet during this period.  In support of the supplies was a military force led by Sir John Fastolf.  

As the convoy approached Orléans a French force, supported by their Scottish allies intercepted them.  The force, numbering between 3,000 and 4,000 outnumbered the English and was led by Charles of Bourbon and the Scot Sir John Stewart of Darnley.  The English used their wagons to form a defensive barrier with sharped spikes in front to add extra protection, making use of the successful tactic employed at the Battle of Agincourt.  

On this day in 1355 the St Scholastica Day Riot kicked off in Oxford, England. The riot started, as many riots do, because the instigators had been on the drink. Things took a turn when two students from the University of Oxford complained about the quality of wine served to them in the Swindlestock Tavern, which was based at Carfax, in the centre of the town. The quarrel escalated quickly after the students began arguing with the taverner with the inn’s customers joining in on both sides. The resulting brawl turned into a riot which lasted for three days as armed gangs from the countryside rocked up to help the townspeople. University halls and students' accommodation were raided and the inhabitants murdered; there were even some reports of clerics being scalped. By the end of the riot around thirty townsfolk had been killed, while as many as sixty three members of the university also lay dead.

Last week we looked at the famous Sutton Hoo site and mound 1, where it is thought Rædwald of East Anglia may have been buried in a ship.  The items in the burial indicate a man of wealth, who was a warrior, with connections across Europe and indications of varying religious beliefs. These items point towards a King and is why it is general thought he was Rædwald, who was King of East Anglia. 

As King of the East Angles, Rædwald would have been one of seven kings in England, an arrangement now known as the Anglo-Saxon Hepratchy. The Heptarchy is conventionally said to have lasted from the end of the Roman period in the fifth century until most of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms came under the overlordship of Egbert of Wessex in 829.  ​

The kingdoms of the Heptarchy were Essex, Kent, Mercia, Northumbria, Sussex, and Wessex, however it should be noted that the term Heptarchy is largely one of convenience and does not imply the existence of a clear-cut or stable group of seven kingdoms. The number of kingdoms and sub-kingdoms fluctuated rapidly as kings contended for supremacy. Furthermore, there would have been times when one King would have gained overlordship of some or all of the other Kings, that King having the title Bretwalda. 

Today, January 29th 2021, the new drama film, The Dig, is being released on Netflix and we can't wait to watch it! We suspect our followers are the same! The film is an imaginative view of the now famous excavation of the main mound at Sutton Hoo in Suffolk, England. It so happens that Sutton Hoo is one of our favourite historical sites, so much so that our very own James Pegrum has visited it many times in recent years, with the first occasion being part of our research for our big 2016 Anglo-Saxon build. 

The ship was found to be the grave of an important figure, thought to be King Rædwald of East Anglia, who reigned between around 599 and 624. He was buried along with over 30 different items which have helped deepen our knowledge of trade, technology, weapons, religion and so much more during the Anglo-Saxon period. Most famous amongst these items is the iconic helmet, which is currently on display at the British Museum.  Other items in the grave include a shield, throwing spears, a jewelled hilted sword, silver dish, silver spoons of Byzantine origin, gold coins from Frankish mint, beaver bad with a lyre inside. ​Archaeologist David M. Wilson has remarked that the metal artworks found in the Sutton Hoo graves were "work of the highest quality, not only in English but in European terms"

The introduction of the Book of Common Prayer, which was authorised under the Act of Uniformity was one of the most significant changes during Edwards reign.  The Book of Common Prayer replaced several regional Latin rites in use with English liturgy, and has become a common way in which people throughout England and Wales (and throughout the world today) could and can worship in the same way. A change from Latin to English had actually been proposed in Edward’s father, Henry VIII’s reign, however, Henry was religiously conservative and opposed the proposed changes.   

With Henry’s death in 1547 the Protestant reformers saw their chance to advance their cause. The Act of Uniformity was not the first piece of legislation introduced, but it was probably the most significant, the main affects being the replacement of several regional Latin rites then in use with English-language liturgy As an aside it’s believed the saying 'hocus pocus,' came from a mis-pronunciation of the Latin used during Mass from the phrase "Hoc est corpus meum”, which in English means “This is my body.) It also offered a compromise to conservatives, providing Protestants with a service free from what they considered superstition, while maintaining the traditional structure of the mass. ​

Nevertheless, the first Book of Common Prayer was a "radical" departure from traditional worship. It was the work of Thomas Cranmer, who had begun work on it under Henry VII, but had not been able to do anything until the King’s passing. The Book removed any doctrines of human merit contributing to an individual's salvation and was replaced with the doctrine of justification by faith, which is given by God. In Justification, men and woman are seen as being right before God when they put their trust in Jesus’ obedience and sacrificial death in their place on the cross.  This doctrine is found and linked to other doctrines throughout the prayer book. ​

Very soon after the Book of Common Prayer came in to use a revision was made, which was authorised when a new Act of Uniformity was passed in April 1552.  However, following King Edward’s Vi’s death in 1553, there was a return to the Roman Catholic liturgy during Mary I’s reign.  When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1559, the 1552 Book of Common Prayer came back into to use, with some minor changes.  When James I came to throne there were some more minor changes.  The English Civil War saw the Book abolished for a second time and then it returned to use in 1662 with further modest changes.  The 1662 version continues to be used up to today for the main use in church services.  In the late twentieth century there were some alternative forms introduced, which technically are supplements. 

According to the Church of England’s website today the ‘Anglican family consists of tens of millions of Christians’.  These believers are spread across over 165 countries where the Book of Common Prayer is still largely used, some 469 years are in first came in to use. 

These scenes were built by James Pegrum as part of a series of models on English Reformation. Follow us on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram to see them first.